Inhibitory action of antibiotics on Kluyveromyces marxianus.

A bioassay containing Kluyveromyces marxianus in microtiter plates was used to determine the inhibitory action of 28 antibiotics (aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides) against this yeast in whey. For this purpose, the dose-response curve for each antibiotic was constructed using 16 replicates of 12 different concentrations of the antibiotic. The plates were incubated at 40°C until the negative samples exhibited their indicator (5-7h). Subsequently, the absorbances of the yeast cells in each plate were measured by the turbidimetric method (λ=600nm) and the logistic regression model was applied. The concentrations causing 10% (IC10) and 50% (IC50) of growth inhibition of the yeast were calculated. The results allowed to conclude that whey contaminated with cephalosporins, quinolones and tetracyclines at levels close to the Maximum Residue Limits inhibits the growth of K. marxianus. Therefore, previous inactivation treatments should be implemented in order to re-use this contaminated whey by fermentation with K. marxianus.

Análisis ajustado de la mortalidad operatoria en cirugía cardíaca de adultos en Uruguay; 14 años de aplicación y validación del EuroSCORE I ajustado por el Fondo Nacional de Recursos / Adjusted analysis of operative mortality in cardiac surgery of adults in Uruguay, 14 years of application and validation of EuroSCORE I by the Fondo Nacional de Recursos / Análise ajustada da mortalidade operatória em cirurgia cardíaca de adultos no Uruguai, 14 anos de aplicação e validação do EuroSCORE I pelo Fondo Nacional de Recursos

Introducción: la mortalidad posoperatoria ha sido el indicador principal de los resultados a corto y mediano plazo en la evaluación de la cirugía cardíaca. Una forma de analizar dicho evento es mediante los modelos de ajuste del riesgo que identifican variables que predicen su ocurrencia. Uno de los más utilizados es el EuroSCORE I que pro-porciona la probabilidad de morir de cada individuo y que está constituido por 18 variables de riesgo. Objetivos: presentar los resultados de la aplicación y la validación del modelo EuroSCORE I en Uruguay entre los años 2003 y 2020. Metodología: inicialmente se desarrolló una validación externa del EuroSCORE I en la población uruguaya adulta tomando como población de referencia la intervenida entre los años 2003 y 2006. Una vez que se validó el EuroSCORE I, este se aplicó prospectivamente durante los años 2007 al 2020 en su versión original y con el ajuste desarrollado con población del período 2003-2006. Resultados: la aplicación del modelo original encontró que hubo 5 años en los que la razón de mortalidad observada y esperada (MO/ME) fue significativamente mayor que 1. En el período 2007-2020 el EuroScore I no calibró en 6 oca-siones, y fue aplicada la versión ajustada en la evaluación de las instituciones de medicina altamente especializada. La aplicación del modelo ajustado mostró una buena calibración para el período 2007-2020, salvo en el año 2013, y mostró una buena discriminación (área bajo la curva ROC) en todo el período evaluado. Conclusiones: las escalas de riesgo son herramientas metodológicas y estadísticas que tienen gran utilidad para la toma de decisiones en salud. Este trabajo tiene como fortaleza el de presentar datos nacionales aplicando un modelo de riesgo ampliamente utilizado en todo el mundo, lo que nos permite comparar nuestros resultados con los obte-nidos a nivel internacional (EuroSCORE I logístico original) y, por otro lado, evaluar la performance comparativa interna a lo largo de un largo período de tiempo (EuroSCORE I logístico ajustado). Para el futuro resta el desafío de comparar estos resultados, ya sea con un modelo propio o con otros internacionales de elaboración más reciente.

Introduction: postoperative mortality has been the main indicator of short- and medium-term results in the eva luation of cardiac surgery. One way to analyze such outcomes is through risk adjustment models that identify varia bles that predict the occurrence. One of the most used is the EuroSCORE I, which provides the probability of death for each individual and is made up of 18 risk variables. Objectives: present the results of the application and validation of the EuroSCORE I model in Uruguay between 2003 and 2020. Methodology: initially, an external validation of the EuroSCORE I was developed in the Uruguayan adult popula tion, taking as reference population the intervened population between 2003 and 2006. Once the EuroSCORE I was validated, it was applied prospectively during the years 2007 to 2020 in its original version and with the adjustment developed with the population of the period 2003 to 2006. Results: the application of the original model found that there were 5 years during which the observed versus ex pected mortality ratio (OM/ME) was significantly greater than 1. In the period 2007 to 2020, the EuroScore I did not calibrate on 6 occasions, the adjusted version being applied in the evaluation of highly specialized medicine institu tions. The application of the adjusted model showed a good calibration for the period 2007-2020 except in the year 2013 and showed good discrimination (area under the ROC curve) throughout the evaluated period. Conclusions: risk scales are methodological and statistical tools that are very useful for decision-making in health care. This work has the strength of presenting national data applying a risk model widely used across the world, which allows it to be compare with results at an international level (original logistical Euroscore I) and, on the other hand, to evaluate the internal comparative performance over long period of time (adjusted logistic Euroscore I). Up next is the challenge of comparing these results either with our own model or with other more recent international ones.

Introdução: a mortalidade pós-operatória tem sido o principal indicador de resultados a curto e médio prazo na avaliação da cirurgia cardíaca. Uma forma de analisar esse evento é por meio de modelos de ajuste de risco que identificam variáveis que predizem a ocorrência do evento. Um dos mais utilizados é o EuroSCORE I, que fornece a probabilidade de morrer para cada indivíduo e é composto por 18 variáveis de risco. Objetivos: apresentar os resultados da aplicação e validação do modelo EuroSCORE I no Uruguai entre os anos de 2003 e 2020. Metodologia: inicialmente, foi realizada uma validação externa do EuroSCORE I na população uruguaia adulta, tomando como referência a população operada entre 2003 e 2006. Uma vez validado o EuroSCORE I, foi aplicado prospectivamente durante os anos de 2007 a 2020 em sua versão original e com o ajuste desenvolvido com a popu lação do período de 2003 a 2006. Resultados: a aplicação do modelo original constatou que houve 5 anos em que a razão de mortalidade observada versus esperada (MO/ME) foi significativamente maior que 1. No período de 2007 a 2020, o EuroScore I não calibrou em 6 ocasiões, sendo a versão ajustada aplicada na avaliação de instituições médicas altamente especializadas. A aplicação do modelo ajustado mostrou uma boa calibração para o período 2007-2020 exceto no ano de 2013 e apre sentou boa discriminação (área sob a curva ROC) em todo o período avaliado. Conclusões: as escalas de risco são ferramentas metodológicas e estatísticas muito úteis para a tomada de decisões em saúde. O ponto forte deste trabalho é apresentar dados nacionais aplicando um modelo de risco amplamente uti lizado em todo o mundo, que permite comparar com resultados a nível internacional (original Logistic Euroscore I) e, por outro lado, avaliar o comparativo interno desempenho durante um longo período de tempo (Euroscore Logístico I ajustado). Para o futuro, fica o desafio de comparar esses resultados, seja com um modelo próprio ou com outros internacionais de elaboração mais recente.

Incidencia de la humedad relativa en la transmisión de la COVID-19 / Impact of relative humidity on COVID-19 transmission

Introducción: El nuevo patógeno SARS-CoV-2 presenta una rápida propagación, y es el causante de la enfermedad del Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Dado que este virus es reciente, el aumento de los casos de la enfermedad COVID-19 ha sido una gran amenaza, a lo que le ha sumado la no existencia de información contundente sobre la enfermedad, su transmisión, y su relación con las distintas variables ambientales. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la humedad relativa en la transmisión de la COVID-19 en las regiones tropicales de Colombia. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de humedad relativa y número de contagios diarios de COVID-19 de siete ciudades de Colombia ubicadas en la Región Caribe (Barranquilla y Sincelejo), Región Andina (Medellín, Bucaramanga, Armenia y Cúcuta), además de la Región Amazónica (Leticia). Se utilizó un modelo logístico generalizado para analizar los datos existentes y diseñar las curvas epidemiológicas. Resultados: Para todas las ciudades, de acuerdo con el modelo se encontraron altas correlaciones entre la humedad relativa (variable observada) y COVID-19 (variable predicha) con un R2 > 0,90. No obstante, se determinó si existía asociación entre las variables comparando el valor p con el nivel de significancia α del 0,05, se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa en las ciudades de Leticia, Barranquilla y Cúcuta. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que existe una relación directa entre la humedad relativa y la transmisión de COVID 19 en regiones tropicales de Colombia. De ahí que se plantee que el estudio aporta una herramienta importante para la toma de decisiones de las instituciones a cargo del control de la enfermedad, como los gobiernos nacionales y locales(AU)

Introduction: The new pathogen SARS-CoV-2 presents a rapid spread, and is the cause of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that this virus is recent, the increase in cases of the COVID-19 disease has been a great threat, to which has been added the lack of conclusive information about the disease, its transmission, and its relationship with the different environmental variables. Objective: To determine the incidence of relative humidity in the transmission of COVID-19 in the tropical regions of Colombia. Methods: Relative humidity data and number of daily COVID-19 infections from seven cities in Colombia located in the Caribbean Region (Barranquilla and Sincelejo), Andean region (Medellín, Bucaramanga, Armenia and Cúcuta), as well as the Amazon Region (Leticia) were analyzed. A generalized logistic model was used to analyze existing data and design epidemiological curves. Results: For all cities, according to the model, high correlations were found between relative humidity (observed variable) and COVID-19 (predicted variable) with an R2 > 0.90. However, it was determined if there was an association between the variables by comparing the p-value with the level of significance α 0.05, a statistically significant association was found in the cities of Leticia, Barranquilla and Cúcuta. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between relative humidity and the transmission of COVID 19 in tropical regions of Colombia. Hence, it is proposed that the study provides an important tool for the decision-making of the institutions in charge of the control of the disease, such as national and local governments(AU)

Risk score for mortality due to COVID-19: a prospective temporal validation cohort study in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. / Validación temporal de un modelo de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en una cohorte prospectiva en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel.

OBJECTIVES: To validate a previously described hospital emergency department risk model to predict mortality in patients with COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational noninterventional study. Patients aged over 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 were included between December 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. We calculated a risk score for each patient based on age 50 years (2 points) plus 1 point each for the presence of the following predictors: Barthel index 90 points, altered level of consciousness, ratio of arterial oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen 400, abnormal breath sounds, platelet concentration 100 × 109/L, C reactive protein level 5 mg/dL, and glomerular filtration rate 45 mL/min. The dependent variable was 30-day mortality. We assessed the score's performance with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: The validation cohort included 1223 patients. After a median follow-up of 80 days, 143 patients had died; 901 patients were classified as having low risk (score, 4 points), 270 as intermediate risk (5-6 points), and 52 as high risk ( 7 points). Thirty-day mortality rates at each risk level were 2.8%, 22.5%, and 65.4%, respectively. The AUC for the score was 0.883; for risk categorization, the AUC was 0.818. CONCLUSION: The risk score described is useful for stratifying risk for mortality in patients with COVID-19 who come to a tertiary-care hospital emergency department.

OBJETIVO: Validación de un indicador de mortalidad previamente descrito en pacientes con COVID-19 en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: Estudio observacional prospectivo no intervencionista. Se incluyeron pacientes 18 años diagnosticados de COVID-19 (1 de diciembre de 2020 hasta 28 de febrero de 2021). Se calculó el indicador para cada paciente: edad 50 años (2 puntos), índice de Barthel 90 puntos (1 punto), alteración de consciencia (1 punto), índice de SaO2/ FIO2 400 (1 punto), auscultación respiratoria patológica (1 punto), plaquetas 100 x 109/L (1 punto), proteína C reactiva 5 mg/dL (1 punto) y filtrado glomerular 45 mL/min (1 punto). La variable dependiente fue la mortalidad observada a 30 días. El rendimiento del indicador se valoró con el análisis del área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ABC-COR). RESULTADOS: La validación del indicador se realizó sobre una cohorte de 1.223 pacientes. Tras una mediana de seguimiento de 80 días, 143 pacientes habían fallecido. Un total de 901 pacientes fueron catalogados como riesgo bajo (indicador 4 puntos), 270 lo fueron como riesgo intermedio (5-6 puntos) y 52 como riesgo alto ( 7 puntos). La mortalidad a 30 días observada en cada categoría fue de 2,8%, 22,5% y 65,4%, respectivamente. El ABC-COR fue de 0,883 para el indicador utilizado cuantitativamente y de 0,818 cuando se usó cualitativamente en forma de categorías de riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: El indicador descrito es una herramienta útil para estratificar el riesgo de mortalidad de los pacientes con COVID-19 que consultan a un SUH de un centro de tercer nivel.

Reflexión desde la Entropía: un análisis de la realidad según la violencia en la sociedad / Reflection from Entropy and Chaos: an analysis of reality according to violence in society / Reflexão da Entropia e Caos: uma análise da realidade de acordo com a violência na sociedade

Resumen Introducción: la teoría del caos se usa para explicación de fenómenos complejos, cuya naturaleza no responde a comportamientos lineales y que a su vez no permite determinar con exactitud medidas y cálculos, pero que a pesar de ello se han logrado avances significativos en la ciencia, pudiéndose expandir además hasta las explicaciones de fenómenos sociales, siendo en este caso la violencia. Materiales y Métodos: se emplearon expresiones matemáticas para validar un modelo de realidad que describa aproximadamente índices de violencia a partir de datos reales. Resultados: se obtuvieron relaciones matemáticas que describen el comportamiento caótico, las cuales dependiendo de la tasa de violencia define si el valor tiende a cero, a un valor constante o un comportamiento caótico. Conclusiones: se obtuvo una relación matemática que describe el comportamiento entrópico de la violencia en sociedad, cuya tendencia caótica describe aproximadamente índices de violencia reales.

Abstract Introduction: chaos theory is used to explain complex phenomena, whose nature does not respond to linear behavior and which in turn does not allow exact measurements and calculations to be determined, but despite this, significant advances have been made in science, being able to also expand to the explanations of social phenomena, in this case being violence. Materials and Methods: mathematical expressions are used to validate the reality, which describes rates of violence from real data in Colombia. Results: mathematical relationships describing chaotic behavior were obtained, which, depending on the rate of violence, define whether the value tends to zero, a constant value or chaotic behavior. Conclusions: a mathematical relationship was obtained that describes the entropic behavior of violence in society, whose chaotic trend approximately describes real violence values.

Resumo Introdução: a teoria do caos é utilizada para explicar fenômenos complexos, cuja natureza não responde ao comportamento linear e que por sua vez não permite determinar medidas e cálculos exatos, mas apesar disso, avanços significativos foram feitos na ciência, expandindo para as explicações de fenômenos sociais, neste caso a violência. Materiais e Métodos: foram utilizadas expressões matemáticas para validar um modelo de realidade que descreve aproximadamente as taxas de violência a partir de dados reais. Resultados: foram obtidas relações matemáticas que descrevem o comportamento caótico, que, dependendo da taxa de violência, definem-se o valor que tende a zero, um valor constante ou um comportamento caótico. Conclusões: obteve-se uma relação matemática que descreve o comportamento entrópico da violência na sociedade, cuja tendência caótica descreve de forma aproximada os índices reais de violência.

Validación temporal de un modelo de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en una cohorte prospectiva en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel / Risk score for mortality due to COVID-19: a prospective temporal validation cohort study in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital

Objetivo. Validación de un indicador de mortalidad previamente descrito en pacientes con COVID-19 en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). Método. Estudio observacional prospectivo no intervencionista. Se incluyeron pacientes $ 18 años diagnosticados de COVID-19 (1 de diciembre de 2020 hasta 28 de febrero de 2021). Se calculó el indicador para cada paciente: edad $ 50 años (2 puntos), índice de Barthel < 90 puntos (1 punto), alteración de consciencia (1 punto), índice de SaO2/ FIO2 < 400 (1 punto), auscultación respiratoria patológica (1 punto), plaquetas < 100 x 109/L (1 punto), proteína C reactiva $ 5 mg/dL (1 punto) y filtrado glomerular < 45 mL/min (1 punto). La variable dependiente fue la mortalidad observada a 30 días. El rendimiento del indicador se valoró con el análisis del área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ABC-COR). Resultados. La validación del indicador se realizó sobre una cohorte de 1.223 pacientes. Tras una mediana de seguimiento de 80 días, 143 pacientes habían fallecido. Un total de 901 pacientes fueron catalogados como riesgo bajo (indicador # 4 puntos), 270 lo fueron como riesgo intermedio (5-6 puntos) y 52 como riesgo alto ($ 7 puntos). La mortalidad a 30 días observada en cada categoría fue de 2,8%, 22,5% y 65,4%, respectivamente. El ABC-COR fue de 0,883 para el indicador utilizado cuantitativamente y de 0,818 cuando se usó cualitativamente en forma de categorías de riesgo. Conclusión. El indicador descrito es una herramienta útil para estratificar el riesgo de mortalidad de los pacientes con COVID-19 que consultan a un SUH de un centro de tercer nivel.

Objective. To validate a previously described hospital emergency department risk model to predict mortality in patients with COVID-19. Methods. Prospective observational noninterventional study. Patients aged over 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 were included between December 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. We calculated a risk score for each patient based on age $50 years (2 points) plus 1 point each for the presence of the following predictors: Barthel index <90 points, altered level of consciousness, ratio of arterial oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen <400, abnormal breath sounds, platelet concentration <100 × 109/L, C reactive protein level $5 mg/dL, and glomerular filtration rate <45 mL/min. The dependent variable was 30-day mortality. We assessed the score’s performance with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results. The validation cohort included 1223 patients. After a median follow-up of 80 days, 143 patients had died; 901 patients were classified as having low risk (score, #4 points), 270 as intermediate risk (5-6 points), and 52 as high risk ($7 points). Thirty-day mortality rates at each risk level were 2.8%, 22.5%, and 65.4%, respectively. The AUC for the score was 0.883; for risk categorization, the AUC was 0.818. Conclusion. The risk score described is useful for stratifying risk for mortality in patients with COVID-19 who come to a tertiary-care hospital emergency department.

Cuestionario Revisado de Personalidad de Eysenck (versión reducida): análisis con la teoría de respuesta al ítem / Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Brief Version): Analysis with Item Response Theory

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar nuevas evidencias de calidad psicométrica para la adaptación argentina de la versión reducida del Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ-RS). Participaron 1136 personas de población general (52.5% femenino, edad media = 29.6 años, DE = 11.9) residentes en Buenos Aires, Argentina. La adaptación argentina se compone de 42 ítems con formato de respuesta dicotómica. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio a partir de la matriz de correlaciones tetracóricas. Esto permitió replicar la estructura propuesta por Eysenck para el modelo PEN (Psicoticismo-Extraversión-Neuroticismo) y la escala Sinceridad. Posteriormente, se ajustó el modelo logístico de dos parámetros por separado para los ítems de cada escala. Los ítems no mostraron funcionamiento diferencial según género. La discriminación de los ítems resultó moderada-alta. Los parámetros b se localizaron en rangos acotados de cada uno de los rasgos medidos, lo que originó que la precisión de las escalas varíe en el recorrido de los continuos. La escala Neuroticismo aporta más información en niveles medios del rasgo, Psicoticismo en los medio-bajos y Extraversión en los medio-altos. La escala Sinceridad mostró una función de información relativamente plana en todo el recorrido del rasgo. Se brindan evidencias de validez basadas en la relación con otras pruebas que miden facetas del neuroticismo y sintomatología. Las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad obtenidas ofrecen garantías de calidad suficientes para la aplicación de este instrumento en el contexto local y confirman la vigencia del modelo teórico que operacionaliza el EPQ-RS.

Abstract The aim of this work is to provide new evidence of psychometric quality for the Argentinean adaptation of the brief version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-RS). 1136 people from the general population (52.5% female, mean age = 29.6 years, SD = 11.9) residing in Buenos Aires, Argentina participated. The Argentinean adaptation consists of 42 items with dichotomous response format. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed from the tetrachoric correlation matrix. This allowed replicating the structure proposed by Eysenck for the PEN model (Psychoticism - Extroversion - Neuroticism) and the Lie scale. Subsequently, the two-parameter logistic model was adjusted separately for the items of each scale. The items did not show differential functioning by gender. Items discrimination was moderate-high. Parameters b were located in narrow ranges of each one of the measured traits, which caused the precision of the scales to vary along the trait continuums. The Neuroticism scale provides more information at medium levels of the trait, Psychoticism in the medium-low and Extraversion in the medium-high. The Lie scale showed a relatively flat information function throughout the trait. Evidence of validity based on the relationship with other tests that measure facets of neuroticism and symptomatology is provided. The evidence of validity and reliability obtained offers sufficient quality guarantees for the application of this instrument in the local context and confirms topicality of the theoretical model that operationalizes the EPQ-RS.

Clinical related factors to neuroendocrine tumors in Ecuadorian patients: a logistic biplot approach / Factores clínicos asociados a tumores neuroendocrinos en pacientes ecuatorianos: un análisis biplot logístico

Abstract Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relative rare, affecting neuroendocrine cells throughout the body. Most tumors are diagnosed at advanced stages. NETs prevalence has increased in the last years but there is little data available in developing countries. The aim of this study was to describe symptoms associated with NETs in patients of the Society for the Fight Against Cancer (SOLCA) in Ecuador from 2005 to 2020; using logistic biplots, in a hospital database, generating binary responses (presence/absence) relevant to this study. The results showed that the mean age was 59 and the study showed no difference in prevalence between genders. NETs were mainly found in lungs (19%), followed by stomach (18%) and skin (9%). Most patients had pathological diagnosis G2 and G3 (30% and 70%, respectively). Symptoms as cough, dyspnea, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, hypertensive crisis, distended abdomen and intestinal obstruction had p values <0.05. Additionally, the statistical analysis showed that cough and intestinal obstruction were also common, bearing in mind that patients had most frequent NETs in the lungs and skin. In summary, our results indicate that symptoms of NETs patients were positively associated with lung and skin. Further investigation is needed focusing on the type of NETs and their symptoms in order to establish an early marker for diagnosis.

Resumen Los tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE) son relativamente raros y afectan a las células neuroendocrinas de todo el cuerpo. La mayoría de los tumores se diagnostican en etapas avanzadas. La prevalencia de los TNE ha aumentado en los últimos años, pero hay pocos datos en los países en desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los síntomas asociados a los TNE en pacientes de la Sociedad de Lucha contra el Cáncer (SOLCA) en Ecuador entre 2005 y 2020, utilizando biplots logísticos en una base de datos hospitalaria, generando respuestas binarias (presencia / ausencia) relevantes para este estudio. Los resultados mostraron que la edad promedio era de 59 años y el estudio no encontró diferencias en la prevalencia entre géneros. Los TNE se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en los pulmones (19%), seguidos del estómago (18%) y piel (9%). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían diagnóstico patológico G2 y G3 (30% y 70% respectivamente). Los síntomas como tos, disnea, pérdida de peso, diarrea, estreñimiento, dolor abdominal, dispepsia, crisis hipertensiva, abdomen distendido y obstrucción intestinal tuvieron valores de p <0,05. Además, el análisis estadístico mostró que la tos y la obstrucción intestinal también eran comunes, teniendo en cuenta que los pacientes tenían TNE más frecuentes en los pulmones y la piel. En resumen, nuestros resultados indican que los síntomas de los pacientes con TNE se asociaron positivamente con los pulmones y la piel. Se necesitan más investigaciones que se centren en el tipo de TNE y sus síntomas a fin de establecer un marcador más temprano para el diagnóstico.

Alimentación, nutrición en emergencias y desastres naturales en Venezuela entre 1999-2021 / Food, nutrition in emergencies and natural disasters in Venezuela between 1999-2021

Los eventos naturales afectan directamente la alimentación y nutrición de personas. Se presentan las experiencias en Venezuela en las emergencias y desastres naturales con intervención nutricional (1999-2021). Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, sobre la revisión de documentos impresos y electrónicos. Se describen los aspectos generales y la intervención nutricional. Se estableció un sistema logístico-nutricional de adquisición y manejo de alimentos con estrategia alimentaria, para lograr sobrevivencia, restauración, mantenimiento de la salud y moral. El plan logístico-nutricional tuvo 3 fases: distribución de alimentos (porcionamientos momentáneos, bolsas combo y cestas de emergencias, menú de emergencia), control de calidad de alimentos e inventarios, canalización del uso de alimentos donados, diseño y distribución de comidas calientes en campamentos de rescate y personal médico en operaciones asistenciales. Se efectuaron inspecciones nacionales, se impartió educación para la salud y recomendaciones nutricionales, se efectuaron encuestas alimentarias transversales con recordatorio de 24 horas y porcentaje de efectividad de ingesta. En Vargas se atendieron 70.000 damnificados en 360 centros nacionales, movimiento de alimentos 2.532 t. mensuales, en Guasdualito 19.621 damnificados y 709,72 t. (101 centros), Mérida 14.000 damnificados y 750 t. (90 centros). La atención fue satisfactoria según inspecciones y encuestas y se conoció más sobre la alimentación y nutrición suministrada. La educación nutricional y sanitaria y las recomendaciones fueron primordial, para proteger la salud, mantener prácticas y conductas saludables. Se suministró una alimentación adecuada en tiempo oportuno a la población damnificada en todos los eventos naturales (inundaciones, COVID-19)(AU)

Natural events directly affect people's diet and nutrition. The lived experiences of emergencies and natural disasters with nutritional intervention (1999-2021) were presented as input and guidance. This is a descriptive study of printed and electronic documents were reviewed and synthesized. General aspects and the nutritional intervention are described. A logistic-nutritional system of food acquisition and handling was established with a food strategy, to achieve survival, restoration, health maintenance and morale. The logistic-nutritional plan had 3 phases: food distribution (momentary portions, combo bags and emergency baskets, emergency menu), quality control of food and inventories, channeling of the use of donated food, design and distribution of hot meals in rescue camps and medical personnel in assistance operations. National inspections were carried out, health education and nutritional recommendations were provided, cross-sectional food surveys were carried out with a 24-hour reminder and percentage of intake effectiveness. Vargas was attended: 70,000 victims in 360 national centers, food movement 2,532 t. monthly, Guasdualito: 19,621 victims and 709.72 t. (101 centers), Mérida: 14,000 victims and 750 t. (90 centers). The care was satisfactory according to inspections and surveys, knowing more about food and nutrition supplied. Nutritional and health education as the recommendations were paramount, to protect health, maintain healthy practices and behaviors. Adequate food was provided in a timely manner to the population affected in all natural events (floods, COVID-19)(AU)

Perda potencial em anos de vida decorrente da Covid-19 nas regiões brasileiras: avaliação dos seis primeiros meses da pandemia / Potential loss in years of life arising from COVID-19 in Brazilian regions: evaluation of the six first months of pandemic / Pérdida potencial en años de vida por Covid-19 en las regiones brasileñas: evaluación de los seis primeros meses de pandemia

A presente nota de pesquisa estima o impacto das mortes por Covid-19 sobre a esperança de vida no Brasil e regiões para os primeiros seis meses de 2020. Com base nos dados do Datasus e nas tábuas de vida com decremento simples, estimou-se que as mortes por Covid-19 ocorridas até 18 de agosto de 2020 tiveram impacto estatisticamente negativo na esperança de vida ao nascer, tanto masculina (-1,05 ano) quanto feminina (-0,85 ano). Em termos regionais, a maior perda em anos de vida é estimada no Norte (-1,65 ano para homens e -1,48 ano para mulheres), enquanto o Sul foi a região com menor impacto (-0,5 ano para homens e -0,36 para mulheres). Os resultados do modelo logístico para o país apontam que a mortalidade por Covid-19 tende a ser maior entre a população com mais de 65 anos, homens, pretos e de baixa instrução. As comorbidades aumentam a chance de desfecho morte, especialmente doença hepática e renal crônica. Tais análises foram ainda desagregadas por grandes regiões brasileiras.

This research note estimates the impact of deaths by Covid-19 on life expectancy in Brazil and the Regions for the first six months of 2020. Based on data from Datasus and the decreasing life tables, it was estimated that deaths by Covid-19 that occurred until August 18, 2020 had a statistically negative impact on life expectancy at birth, both male (-1.05 years) and female (-0.85 years). In regional terms, the greatest loss in years of life is estimated in the North (-1.65 years for men and -1.48 years for women), while in the South it was -0.5 year for men and -0.36 for women. The results of the logistic model for the country show that Covid-19 mortality tends to be higher among males, blacks, people with low education level and people over 65 years old. Comorbidities increase the chance of death, especially liver disease and chronic kidney disease. Such analyzes were further disaggregated by large Brazilian regions.

Esta nota de investigación estima el impacto de las muertes por Covid-19 en la esperanza de vida en Brasil y sus regiones durante los primeros seis meses de 2020. Con base en los datos de Datasus y de las tablas de vida decrecientes, se estimó que las muertes por Covid-19 que ocurrieron hasta el 18 de agosto de 2020 tuvieron un impacto estadísticamente negativo en la esperanza de vida al nacer, tanto en hombres (−1,05 años) como en mujeres (−0,85 año). En términos regionales, la mayor pérdida en años de vida se estima en el Norte (−1,65 año para los hombres y −1,48 años para las mujeres), mientras que en el Sur fue de −0,5 años para los hombres y −0,36 para las mujeres. Los resultados del modelo logístico para el país muestran que la mortalidad por Covid-19 tiende a ser mayor entre la población mayor de 65 años, hombres, afrobrasileros y de bajo nivel educativo. Las comorbilidades aumentan la probabilidad de muerte, especialmente la enfermedad hepática y la enfermedad renal crónica. Dichos análisis se desglosaron aun más por grandes regiones brasileñas.

Diferencias en mortalidad intrahospitalaria tras IAMCEST frente a IAMSEST por sexo. Tendencia durante once años en el Sistema Nacional de Salud / Differences in in-hospital mortality after STEMI versus NSTEMI by sex. Eleven-year trend in the Spanish National Health Service

Introducción y objetivos: Hay resultados contradictorios sobre si existen diferencias de sexo en la mortalidad tras el infarto agufo de miocardio (IAM). Además, hay escasez de datos sobre el impacto del sexo en los resultados tras un infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) o sin elevación del segmento ST (IAMSET). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las tendencias de diferencias de sexo en las diferencias de mortalidad relacionadas con el sexo para IAMCEST e IAMSEST. Métodos: Se ha realizado un análisis retrospectivo de 445.145 episodios de IAM (2005-2015) utilizando información del Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Las tasas de incidencia se expresan como eventos por 10.000 personas-año. Los denominadores (grupos específicos por edad) se han obtenido del censo nacional. Se ha calculado la mortalidad bruta y ajustada (regresión logística multinivel) y se ha utilizado análisis de regresión de Poisson para estudiar las tendencias temporales de la mortalidad hospitalaria. Resultados: El 69,8% eran varones, con una edad media de 66,1 (13,3) años, significativamente más joven que las mujeres 74,9 (12,1) (p <0,001). Un total de 272.407 (61,2%) episodios son IAMCEST y 172.738 (38,8%) IAMSEST. Las mujeres son el 28,8% de IAMCEST y el 33,9% de los IAMSEST (p <0,001). En los modelos de ajuste de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria el efecto del sexo femenino es opuesto en IAMCEST (OR para mujeres=1,18; IC95%, 1,14-1,22; p <0,001) y IAMSEST (OR para mujeres:=0,85; IC95%, 0,81-0,89; p <0,001). Las tasas de hospitalización por IAM son más altas en varones que en mujeres para todos los grupos de edad [20 frente a 7,7 por cada 10.000 35-94 años (p <0,001)], con una tendencia a disminuir para ambos sexos... (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Conflicting results have been reported on the possible existence of sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). There is also a scarcity of data on the impact of sex on outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI). The aim of this study was to analyze sex difference trends in sex-related differences in mortality for STEMI and NSTEMI. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 445 145 episodes of MI (2005-2015) was carried out using information from the Spanish National Health System. The incidence rates were expressed as events per 10 000 person-years. The denominators (age-specific groups) were obtained from the nationwide census. We calculated crude and adjusted (multilevel logistic regression) mortality. Poisson regression analysis was used to study temporal trends for in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 69.8% episodes occurred in men. The mean age in men was 66.1±13.3 years, which was significantly younger than in women, 74.9±12.1 (P<.001). A total of 272 407 (61.2%) episodes were STEMI, and 172 738 (38.8%) were NSTEMI. Women accounted for 28.8% of STEMI and 33.9% of NSTEMI episodes (P <.001). The effect of female sex on risk-adjusted models for in-hospital mortality was the opposite in STEMI (OR for women, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.14-1.22; P <.001) and NSTEMI (OR for women, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81-0.89; P <.001). MI hospitalization rates were higher in men than in women for all age groups [20 vs 7.7 per 10 000 individuals aged 35-94 years (P <.001)], with a trend to diminish in both sexes. Conclusions: Women had a slight but significantly increased risk of in-hospital mortality after MI, but the effect of sex depended on MI type, with women exhibiting higher mortality for STEMI and lower mortality for NSTEMI. (AU)

Differences in in-hospital mortality after STEMI versus NSTEMI by sex. Eleven-year trend in the Spanish National Health Service.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Conflicting results have been reported on the possible existence of sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). There is also a scarcity of data on the impact of sex on outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI). The aim of this study was to analyze sex difference trends in sex-related differences in mortality for STEMI and NSTEMI. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 445 145 episodes of MI (2005-2015) was carried out using information from the Spanish National Health System. The incidence rates were expressed as events per 10 000 person-years. The denominators (age-specific groups) were obtained from the nationwide census. We calculated crude and adjusted (multilevel logistic regression) mortality. Poisson regression analysis was used to study temporal trends for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 69.8% episodes occurred in men. The mean age in men was 66.1±13.3 years, which was significantly younger than in women, 74.9±12.1 (P<.001). A total of 272 407 (61.2%) episodes were STEMI, and 172 738 (38.8%) were NSTEMI. Women accounted for 28.8% of STEMI and 33.9% of NSTEMI episodes (P <.001). The effect of female sex on risk-adjusted models for in-hospital mortality was the opposite in STEMI (OR for women, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.14-1.22; P <.001) and NSTEMI (OR for women, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81-0.89; P <.001). MI hospitalization rates were higher in men than in women for all age groups [20 vs 7.7 per 10 000 individuals aged 35-94 years (P <.001)], with a trend to diminish in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Women had a slight but significantly increased risk of in-hospital mortality after MI, but the effect of sex depended on MI type, with women exhibiting higher mortality for STEMI and lower mortality for NSTEMI.

Persistence and Academic Expectations in Higher-Education Students / Persistencia y Expectativas Académicas en Educación Superior

Background: The article focuses on the relationship between students’ expectations and persistence in the context of higher education. It explores the role that high expectations play in increasing the probability of adult students’ persistence, controlling for individual sociodemographic attributes, skills preparation, values, and commitments. Method: A multilevel logistic model was applied to data on 2,697 first-year students who were enrolled in 54 programmes at a Portuguese public university during 2015-2016. Results: The findings suggest that high academic expectations are relevant to older students, since such expectations increase their likelihood of persistence. Being admitted to their first-choice programmes and differences in their study habits also contribute to increasing the probability of persistence. In the presence of such motivational and behavioural attributes, we did not find statistically significant differences according to students’ socioeconomic background or gender. Our results also suggest that the relationship between prior academic achievement and persistence varies randomly across programmes. Conclusions: This institutional research study gives evidence towards the relevance of taking into account the level of programmes/courses in order to support interventions that effectively meet the students´ expectations and, thus, could increase the probability of persistence for all students entering HE. (AU)

Antecedentes: el artículo se centra en la relación entre expectativas y persistencia de los estudiantes en educación superior. Explora el papel que juegan las altas expectativas en el aumento de la persistencia, controlando los atributos sociodemográficos individuales, la preparación de habilidades, etc. Método: se aplicó un modelo logístico multinivel a los datos de 2.697 estudiantes de primer año que se matricularon en 54 programas en una universidad pública portuguesa durante 2015-2016. Resultados: las altas expectativas académicas son relevantes para estudiantes mayores, ya que aumentan su probabilidad de persistencia. Ser admitido en sus programas de primera elección y las diferencias en sus hábitos de estudio también contribuyen a aumentar la probabilidad de persistencia. En presencia de tales atributos motivacionales y de comportamiento, no encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas de acuerdo con los antecedentes socioeconómicos o el género de los estudiantes. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la relación entre el GPA de la escuela secundaria y la persistencia varía aleatoriamente entre programas. Conclusiones: la relevancia de tomar en cuenta el nivel de programas / cursos para apoyar intervenciones que satisfagan de manera efectiva las expectativas de los estudiantes y, por lo tanto, puedan incrementar la persistencia de los estudiantes que ingresan a la ES. (AU)

Choice of non-linear models to determine the growth curve of meat-type quail / Escolha de modelos não-linearespara determinar a curva de crescimento de codornas de corte

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare non-linear models fitted to the growth curves of quail to determine which model best describes their growth and check the similarity between models by analyzing parameter estimates.Weight and age data of meat-type European quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) of three lines were used, from an experiment in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, consisting of two metabolizable energy levels, four crude protein levels and six replicates. The non-linear Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Logistic and Gompertz models were used. To choose the best model, the Adjusted Coefficient of Determination, Convergence Rate, Residual Mean Square, Durbin-Watson Test, Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion were applied as goodness-of-fit indicators. Cluster analysis was performed to check the similarity between models based on the mean parameter estimates. Among the studied models, Richards' was the most suitable to describe the growth curves. The Logistic and Richards models were considered similar in the analysis with no distinction of lines as well as in the analyses of Lines 1, 2 and 3.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se, neste estudo, comparar modelos não lineares ajustados às curvas de crescimento de codornas para determinar qual modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento de codornas e verificar a similaridade dos modelos analisando as estimativas dos parâmetros. Para as análises foram utilizados os dados peso e idade de codornas européias de corte (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) proveniente de três linhagens, em um esquema fatorial 2x4, instalado em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois níveis de energia metabolizável e quatro níveis de proteína bruta, com seis repetições. Os modelos não lineares utilizados foram: Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Logístico e Gompertz. Para a escolha do melhor modelo utilizou-se o Coeficiente de Determinação Ajustado, o Percentual de Convergência, o Quadrado Médio do Resíduo, o Teste de Durbin-Watson, o Critério de informação Akaike e o Critério de informação Bayesiano como avaliadores da qualidade do ajuste. Utilizou-se a análise de agrupamento para verificar, baseado nas estimativas médias dos parâmetros, a similaridades entre os modelos. Entre os modelos estudados, o Richard foi o mais adequado para descrever as curvas de crescimento. Os modelos Logístico e Richards foram considerados similares nas análises sem distinção de linhagem, bem como nas análises das Linhagem 1, 2 e 3.

Nonlinear regression analysis of length growth in cultured rainbow trout / [Análise não linear do crescimento em comprimento de truta-arco-íris de aquicultura ]

Length growth as a function of time has a non-linear relationship, so nonlinear equations are recommended to represent this kind of curve. We used six nonlinear models to calculate the length gain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the final grow-out phase of 98 days under three different feed types in triplicate groups. We fitted the von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic, Brody, Power Function, and Exponential equations to individual length-at-age data of 900 fish. Equations were fitted to the data based on the least square method using the Marquardt iterative algorithm. Accuracy of the fitted models was evaluated using a model performance metrics combining mean squared residuals (MSR), mean absolute error (MAE) and Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc). All models converged in all cases tested. Evaluation criteria for the Logistic model indicated the best overall fit (0.67 of combined metric MSR, MAE and AICc) under all different feeding types, followed by the Exponential model (0.185), and the von Bertalanffy and Brody model (0.074, respectively). Additionally, ∆AICc results identify the Logistic and Gompertz models as being substantially supported by the data in 100% of cases. The logistic model can be suggested for length growth prediction in aquaculture of rainbow trout.(AU)

O crescimento em comprimento em função do tempo tem uma relação não linear; por isso, funções não lineares são recomendáveis para descrever essa relação. Seis modelos não lineares foram usados para calcular o ganho em comprimento de truta-arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) durante 98 dias, na fase final da engorda, submetidas a três dietas diferentes em grupos triplicados. Foram ajustadas as equações de von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, logístico, Brody, função potencial e exponencial a dados individuais de comprimento-idade de 900 peixes. O ajuste foi feito pelo método dos mínimos quadrados, usando-se o algoritmo iterativo de Marquardt. A precisão do ajuste foi avaliada pelo uso de critérios combinados de ajuste: quadrado médio do resíduo (QMR), erro médio absoluto (EMA) e o critério de informação de Akaike corrigido para tamanhos amostrais pequenos (AICc). Todos os modelos atingiram a convergência para cada caso avaliado. Os critérios de avaliação do modelo logístico indicaram o melhor ajuste geral (0,67 vez dos critérios combinados MSR, MAE e AICc) para cada grupo de peixe avaliado, seguido pelo modelo exponencial (0,185) e os modelos von Bertalanffy e Brody, com 0,074, respectivamente. Similarmente, os resultados de ΔAICc identificaram-se ao modelo logístico e ao de Gompertz, com grande suporte das informações em 100% dos casos. Por fim, o modelo logístico pode ser sugerido na predição do crescimento em comprimento de truta-arco-íris cultivada.(AU)

Adjusting the growth curve of sugarcane varieties using nonlinear models / Ajuste da curva de crescimento de variedades de cana-de-açúcar utilizando modelos não lineares

ABSTRACT: Assessing sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) stalk growth helps to adequately manage the phenological stages of the crop. The aim of this study was to describe the height-growth curve of four sugarcane varieties (RB92579, RB93509, RB931530 and SP79-1011), in irrigated plant-cane and ratoon cane plantations, using the Logistic and Gompertz nonlinear models, while considering all deviations from assumptions. The model parameters were estimated based on the least squares method using the Gauss-Newton algorithm. To select the most suitable model, nonlinear measures, adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 adj), residual standard deviation (RSD), and corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) were used. Based on the best models, stalk height growth rates and crop phenological stages were determined using critical points. All tests were performed in the free software environment for statistical computing and graphics, R. In general, the Logistic and Gompertz models without AR(1) better described the plant-cane and ratoon cane stalk height, respectively. All varieties showed early growth, and the RB92579 variety presented higher rates in both cycles.

RESUMO: A avaliação do crescimento dos colmos de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) ajuda a adequar o manejo com as fases fenológicas da cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho descrever a curva de crescimento da altura de quatro variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB92579, RB93509, RB931530 e SP79-1011), nos cultivos de cana planta e cana soca irrigados, utilizando os modelos não lineares Logístico e Gompertz, e considerando eventuais desvios de pressupostos. A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi feita com base no método dos mínimos quadrados utilizando o Algoritmo de Gauss-Newton. Para selecionar o modelo mais adequado foram utilizadas as medidas de não linearidade, o coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2 aj), o desvio padrão residual (DPR) e o critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc). Com base nos melhores modelos foram determinadas as taxas de crescimento da altura dos colmos e as fases fenológicas da cultura por meio dos pontos críticos. Todas as análises foram realizadas no software estatístico R. No geral, os modelos Logístico e Gompertz sem AR(1) descreveram melhor a altura dos colmos em cana planta e cana soca, respectivamente. Todas as variedades apresentaram crescimento precoce, a variedade RB92579 apresentou maiores taxas em ambos os ciclos.

Nonlinear models for describing lettuce growth in autumn-winter / Modelos não lineares para descrição do crescimento de cultivares de alface em condições de outono-inverno

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to fit the Gompertz and Logistic models for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots of three lettuce cultivars and indicate the best model to describe their growth in autumn-winter. The lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde, and Stella were evaluated in the autumn-winter of 2016 and 2017, in soilless in a protected environment. After transplantation, the fresh and dry matter of leaves and shoots were weighed every seven days. These dependent variables were fit using the accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and Logistic models were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the indicators of fit quality and critical points were calculated and the parametric and intrinsic curvature measures quantified. The Logistic and Gompertz models presented a satisfactory adjustment for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots, for the lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde and Stella, in autumn-winter. The Logistic model best describes the growth of the lettuce cultivars.

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram ajustar os modelos Gompertz e Logístico para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas, e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea de três cultivares de alface e indicar o modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento no outono-inverno. As cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, foram avaliadas no outono-inverno de 2016 e outono-inverno de 2017, em cultivo sem solo em ambiente protegido. Após o transplante, a cada sete dias, foram pesadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea. Essas variáveis dependentes foram ajustadas em função da soma térmica acumulada. Foram estimados os parâmetros dos modelos Gompertz e Logístico, verificados os pressupostos dos modelos, calculados os indicadores de qualidade do ajuste e os pontos críticos e quantificadas as medidas de curvatura intrínseca e de parametrização. Os modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentam ajuste satisfatório para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea, para as cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, no outono-inverno. O modelo Logístico é o que melhor descreve o crescimento das cultivares de alface.

Problema crônico de coluna e fatores associados: um estudo baseado na pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013 / Chronic spine problem and associated factors: a study based on the national health survey 2013

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os possíveis fatores de risco para os Problemas Crônicos de Co-luna (PCC), como também os fatores que podem se comportar como protetores para o desenvolvimento desse problema, em adultos com 18 anos ou mais de idade. Material e Métodos: A base de dados utilizada foi da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, disponibilizada pelo IBGE em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Aproximadamente 27 mil indivíduos se enquadraram neste estudo, dos quais aproximadamente 16% relataram ter PCC. Destes, 46% não realizavam tratamento algum e 62% relataram que esses problemas geravam algum tipo de limitação. Os resultados encontrados foram relevantes, em virtude da confirmação de evidências importantes contidas na literatura, ou seja, identificaram-se fatores de risco e de proteção no desenvolvimento do PCC, como o de que mulheres apresentam maiores chances de desenvolverem PCC. Quando analisado a realização de exercício físico, este demonstrou ser um fator de proteção, diminuindo em 9% a chance de desenvol-ver problema na coluna. Conclusão: Em geral, o Logit dessa in-vestigação classificou 84,4% das observações, contudo, é certo que existem muitos fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento dos PCC e o conhecimento desses é de extrema importância, visto que medidas preventivas podem ser aplicadas. (AU)

Objective:The present study aimed to identify the possible risk factors for Chronic Spinal Problems (CSP), as well as factors that may behave as protectors for the development of this problem, in adults aged 18 years and over. Material and methods: The database that was used was from the National Health Survey of 2013, made available by IBGE in partner-ship with the Health Ministry. Results: Approximately 27,000 individuals were included in this study, of which approximately 16% reported having CSP. Of these, 46% did not undergo any treatment and 62% reported that these problems generated some type of limitation. The results were relevant because of the confirmation of important evidence in the literature, that is, risk and protective factors were identified in the development of CSP, such as the fact that women are more likely to develop CSP. When the physical exercise was analyzed, it was shown to be a protective factor, decreasing in 9% the chance of de-veloping a problem in the spine. Conclusion:In general, the Logit of this investigation classified 84.45% of the observations, however, it is certain that there are many factors involved in the development of CSPs and the knowledge of these is extremely important since preventive measures can be applied. (AU)

Validación de inmunoensayos en fase sólida / Validation of solid phase immunoassays / Validação de imunoensaios em fase solida

La determinación del nivel de anticuerpos por medio de ensayos ELISA exige construir una curva de calibración según el modelo logístico de 4 parámetros (4PL); no obstante, es común que el bioquímico realice estimaciones y ajuste los datos de calibración con modelos alternativos. Se buscó determinar para un ensayo ELISA semicuantitativo el modelo que mejor ajusta los datos de calibración y cuál de los modelos alternativos explorados genera menor error relativo porcentual (ERP) al predecir las concentraciones de los calibradores. Para esto se empleó un ELISA indirecto y se ajustaron las densidades ópticas (DO) de los calibradores según los modelos i) exponencial ii) Boltzmann iii) Boltzmann semi log iv) Deming v) regresión lineal vi) 4PL vii) cuadrático. Se encontró que el mejor ajuste lo proveen los modelos v) (R2=0,9914), i) (R2=0,9652) y iii) (R2=0,9650). Sin embargo, los modelos i) y iii) tienen mejor desempeño en el procedimiento de ajuste inverso: el ERP se mantuvo ≤20% en el rango cubierto por los 6 calibradores (0-100 UI/mL). Los modelos lineales iv) y v) presentaron ERP elevados en el rango testeado. En resumen, el ajuste exponencial i) y el ajuste de Boltzmann iii), combinan valores de R2 y ERP comparables al modelo 4PL, por lo cual es inapropiado cualquier tipo de ajuste lineal.

Determination of the levels of specific antibodies by semiquantitative ELISAs requires the construction of a 4 parameter logistic regression (4PL) calibration curve. However, alternative models are often employed to adjust and estimate calibration data. The aims of this work were to determine the model that best adjusts calibration data, and which alternative model generates a lower relative percentage error (RPE) in the prediction of calibrator concentrations. An IgA anti-gliadin ELISA was used. The optical density values (OD) of calibrators were adjusted with the following mathematical models: i) Exponential, ii) Boltzmann, iii) Boltzmann semilog, iv) Deming, v) Linear regression, vi) 4PL, and vii) Quadratic. Results indicated that the best adjustment is given by models v) (R2=0.9914), i) (R2=0.9652) and iii) (R2=0.9650). However, models i) and iii) performed better in the reciprocal adjustment procedure: RPE values were ≤20% for all the calibrator levels analyzed (0-100 IU/mL). The linear models iv) and v) had high RPE values. To sum up, the exponential (i) and Boltzmann (iii) adjustments present R2 and RPE values similar to those of the 4PL, the use of any linear adjustment being inappropriate.

A determinação do nível de anticorpos por meio de ELISA requer a construção de uma curva de calibração de acordo com o modelo logístico de 4 parâmetros (4PL); no entanto, é comum o bioquímico fazer estimativas e ajustar os dados de calibração com modelos alternativos. Procurou-se determinar para um ensaio ELISA de modelo semiquantitativo o modelo que melhor se ajusta os dados de calibração e qual dos modelos alternativos explorados gera menor erro relativo percentual (ERP) ao prever as concentrações dos calibradores. Para isso, um ELISA indireto foi utilizado e se ajustaram as densidades ópticas (DO) dos calibradores segundo os modelos i) exponencial ii) Boltzmann iii) Boltzmann semi log iv) Deming v) regressão lineal iv) 4PL vii) quadrático. Verificou-se que o melhor ajuste é fornecido pelos modelos v) (R2= 0,9914), vi) (R2= 0,9652) e iii) (R2= 0,9650). No entanto, os modelos i) e iii) têm melhor desempenho no procedimento de ajuste inverso: o ERP permaneceu ≤20% na faixa coberta pelos 6 calibradores (0-100 UI/mL). Os modelos lineares iv) e v) apresentaram alto ERP na faixa testada. Em resumo, o ajuste exponencial i) e o ajuste de Boltzmann iii) combinam valores de R2 e ERP comparáveis ao modelo de 4PL, sendo inadequado qualquer tipo de ajuste linear.

Curva de crescimento em altura na cernelha de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador considerando-se heterocedasticidade / Growth curve for height at withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses with heterocedasticity

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o ajuste dos modelos de Brody, Gompertz, Logístico e Von Bertalanffy aos dados de altura na cernelha de equinos Mangalarga Marchador, ponderando pelo inverso da variância, a fim de selecionar o melhor modelo e predizer sobre o crescimento e a maturidade dos animais dessa raça. Foram utilizados dados de 230 equinos dos seis aos 176 meses de idade, os quais foram divididos por sexo e em 16 classes de idade. Os modelos estudados foram comparados segundo os avaliadores de qualidade: coeficiente de determinação (R2); desvio padrão residual (DPR) e critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). A estimação dos parâmetros dos modelos foi realizada pelo método de mínimos quadrados ponderado no software R. Todos os modelos avaliados se mostraram adequados para descrever a curva de crescimento em ambos os sexos. Perante os avaliadores utilizados, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever as curvas de crescimento em altura na cernelha nos dois sexos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Observou-se também um crescimento acelerado nos primeiros meses de idade. Os animais machos atingiram uma altura adulta maior, porém as fêmeas são mais precoces, pois apresentaram maior estimativa para o índice de maturidade.(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the fit of models Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy to height at the withers of Mangalarga Marchador horses, weighed by the inverse of variance, in order to select the best model and predict growth and maturity of this breed pf animals. We used data of 230 equines from 06 to 176 months of age who were divided by sex and 16 age classes. The models were compared according to the quality assessors: coefficient of determination (R2); residual standard deviation (RSD) and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The estimation of the parameters from models was performed by the weighted least squares method in Software R. All models evaluated were suitable to describe the growth curve in both sexes. In view of the evaluators used, the logistic model was the most suitable to describe the growth curves in withers height in both sexes for the race Mangalarga Marchador. A strong growth at first age was also observed. The males reached a greater adult height, but females did so sooner, because they presented higher estimates for the maturity index.(AU)